Umshini Wokusika Ishidi ne-Tube Laser Cutting
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Amandla Aphezulu Aphezulu – P uchungechunge
I-XINGHAO laser cutting machine Ultra high power P serise laser cutting machine
Amandla Aphezulu Aphezulu – P uchungechunge
Incazelo emfushane:
I-XINGHAO laser cutting machine Ultra high power P serise laser cutting machine
1. Idizayini yemvilophu enkulu evalwe ngokugcwele, ukunakekelwa okuseduze kwempilo yomsebenzisi;ukuvikelwa kwemvelo eluhlaza ngaphandle kokungcoliswa.
2. Idizayini yohlobo lokushintshisana yangaphambili nangemuva, nciphisa isikhathi sokulinda futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle ngo-30%.
3. I-Adopt gantry structure, umbhede uhlanganiswe ngokuphelele, wonke umshini usebenza kahle futhi unokuqina okuhle.
4. Zonke izinhlobo zezingxenye zenziwe ngemikhiqizo edumile ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ngokunemba okuphezulu, isivinini esikhulu, ukusebenza okuzinzile nokuqina.
Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe
Imodeli
3015P
4020P
6020P
6025P
Indawo yokusebenza
3048x1524mm
4000x2000mm
6100x2000mm
6100x2500mm
Umthombo we-Laser
URaycus & MAX & IPG
Amandla e-laser
1000 - 30000w
Ubukhulu.isivinini sokuxhuma
150m/min
Ubukhulu.ukusheshisa
2G
Ukumisa ukunemba
±0.03mm
Ukubeka kabusha ukunemba
±0.02mm
Izilungiselelo Eziyinhloko
Umthombo we-IPG&MAX Laser
I-IPG Photonics ingumholi womhlaba wonke we-laser yamandla aphezulu we-fiber.I-fiber laser ekhiqizwe yiyo inezinzuzo ezifana nekhwalithi ephezulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya nokuthembeka, amandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ivolumu enesakhiwo esihlangene, ukuhamba nokuqina, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, imvelo enobungani, njll.
I-Raytools Laserikhanda
AmaRaytools adabuka eSwitzerland futhi abekhethekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yekhanda lokusika i-laser iminyaka engama-26.Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswe kahle emazweni angaphezu kuka-120.
Isistimu yokusika
I-Cypcut iyi-softeware esetshenziswa kabanzi yenqubo yokusika i-laser, enesisekelo esikhulu samakhasimende kanye nempendulo, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi isethi yesofthiwe yokusika indiza ye-laser, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwenqubo yokusika i-laser, imisebenzi evamile yokuhlela kanye nokulawulwa kokucubungula laser.Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe, ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha, ukuhlela inqubo yokusika echazwe umsebenzisi, ukwakheka, ukuhlela indlela, ukulingisa, nokulawula ukusika.
Umbhede Wokusebenzela Welding Oqinile
Ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuqinile, ubuqotho obuhle, ukuqina kanye nokuqina;
I-aluminiyamu yensimbi eyisiqephu esisodwa, awekho ama-rivets emikhawulweni yomibili, ezinzile.Faka i-aluminium crossbeam
Yamukela inqubo yokusakazwa kwefilimu yensimbi enengcindezi ephansi, ngakho-ke i-crossbeam inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu nesisindo esilula, esingathola impendulo ephezulu enamandla futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
Amasampula & Isicelo
Umshini Wokusika Ishidi & Tube Laser, isicelo sokucubungula kokubili ishidi lensimbi neshubhu.
Ikhabhoni nensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ethambile, insimbi ethambile, insimbi, insimbi eboshwe, ingxubevange, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-titanium nokunye.
Indilinga, isikwele, unxantathu, unxande, oval, amashubhu ayindilinga namapayipi.Umshini owodwa ungafeza izinhloso ezimbili.kubasebenzisi abadinga ukusika amapuleti namapayipi, izindleko zokuthenga zigcinwa kakhulu.
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Umshini Wokusika Amashubhu Ozenzakalelayo - uchungechunge lwe-T
Isixazululo esiphelele se-Yaskawa robot arc welding, esihlanganiswe nohlelo lokusebenza lwe-YRC1000.
Umshini Wokusika Amashubhu Ozenzakalelayo - uchungechunge lwe-T
Incazelo emfushane:
Umshini wokusika we-laser we-Xinghao - uchungechunge lwe-T, lungasika amashubhu ayindilinga, amashubhu ayisikwele, amashubhu angama-rectangular, amashubhu amise okukhethekile, njll. Ifakwe uhlelo lokusebenza oluzinikezele lokusika, ukusebenza kulula, ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nochwepheshe.Izinto zokusika: i-carbon steel, insimbi engagqwali, ithusi, i-aluminium nezinye izinto zensimbi Ukusika ubude: amamitha ayi-6
Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe
Imodeli
I-T6-160
I-T6-230
I-T6-350
Umthombo we-Laser
URaycus & MAX & IPG
URaycus & MAX & IPG
URaycus & MAX & IPG
Amandla e-laser
1000-6000w
1000-6000w
1000-6000w
Umumo we-tube cross-sectional
Indilinga, isikwele, unxande, i-oval, unxande oyindilinga, i-Angle steel, insimbi yesiteshi namanye amashubhu
Indilinga, isikwele, unxande, i-oval, unxande oyindilinga, i-Angle steel, insimbi yesiteshi namanye amashubhu
Indilinga, isikwele, unxande, i-oval, unxande oyindilinga, i-Angle steel, insimbi yesiteshi namanye amashubhu
Ibanga losayizi weshubhu
Ishubhu elijikelezayo: φ20-φ160mm
Ishubhu elijikelezayo: φ20-φ220mm
Ishubhu elijikelezayo: φ20-φ350mm
Ithubhu yesikwele: □20- □160mm
Ithubhu yesikwele: □20- □220mm
Ithubhu yesikwele: □20- □247mm
Ubukhulu bobude beshubhu obunomshini
6000mm
6000mm
6000mm
Izidingo zamashubhu
ubukhulu≥1.2mm;
ubukhulu≥1.2mm;
D ukujiya≥1.2mm;
Ububanzi≥φ20mm
Ububanzi≥φ20mm
Ububanzi≥φ20mm
Isisindo se-tube esiphezulu
100Kg
200Kg
300Kg
Okufushane kakhulu okusele
115 mm
115 mm
115 mm
Izilungiselelo Eziyinhloko
Umthombo we-IPG&MAX Laser
I-IPG Photonics ingumholi womhlaba wonke we-laser yamandla aphezulu we-fiber.I-fiber laser ekhiqizwe yiyo inezinzuzo ezifana nekhwalithi ephezulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya nokuthembeka, amandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ivolumu enesakhiwo esihlangene, ukuhamba nokuqina, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, imvelo enobungani, njll.
I-Raytools Laserikhanda
AmaRaytools adabuka eSwitzerland futhi abekhethekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yekhanda lokusika i-laser iminyaka engama-26.Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswe kahle emazweni angaphezu kuka-120.
Isistimu yokusika
I-Cypcut iyi-softeware esetshenziswa kabanzi yenqubo yokusika i-laser, enesisekelo esikhulu samakhasimende kanye nempendulo, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi isethi yesofthiwe yokusika indiza ye-laser, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwenqubo yokusika i-laser, imisebenzi evamile yokuhlela kanye nokulawulwa kokucubungula laser.Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe, ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha, ukuhlela inqubo yokusika echazwe umsebenzisi, ukwakheka, ukuhlela indlela, ukulingisa, nokulawula ukusika.
Umbhede Wokusebenzela Welding Oqinile
Ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuqinile, ubuqotho obuhle, ukuqina kanye nokuqina;
I-aluminiyamu yensimbi eyisiqephu esisodwa, awekho ama-rivets emikhawulweni yomibili, ezinzile.Faka i-aluminium crossbeam
Yamukela inqubo yokusakazwa kwefilimu yensimbi enengcindezi ephansi, ngakho-ke i-crossbeam inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu nesisindo esilula, esingathola impendulo ephezulu enamandla futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
I-othomathikhi ye-pneumatic chuck ngokugcwele, izinzile
Ukufakwa kulula futhi konga abasebenzi, futhi akukho ukusetshenziswa nokuguga.I-clamping degree ye-workpiece ilawulwa ukucindezela komoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kokuphakelayo kanye nokunemba kokusika.
Amasampula & Isicelo
Umshini Wokusika Ishidi & Tube Laser, isicelo sokucubungula kokubili ishidi lensimbi neshubhu.
Ikhabhoni nensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ethambile, insimbi ethambile, insimbi, insimbi eboshwe, ingxubevange, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-titanium nokunye.
Indilinga, isikwele, unxantathu, unxande, oval, amashubhu ayindilinga namapayipi.Umshini owodwa ungafeza izinhloso ezimbili.kubasebenzisi abadinga ukusika amapuleti namapayipi, izindleko zokuthenga zigcinwa kakhulu.
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I-Exchange Platform - uchungechunge lwe-E
Umshini wokusika i-fiber laser we-XINGHAO uhlanganisa uhlelo lokupholisa, ukugcoba kanye nokuqoqa uthuli oluqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside.Inqubo yokuhlanganisa eqinile nezingxenye zomkhiqizo eziphezulu emhlabeni ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kokusika kanye nekhono lokusika elinamandla, ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqiza kanye nenzuzo yabakhi beshidi lensimbi.
I-Exchange Platform - uchungechunge lwe-E
Incazelo emfushane:
Umshini wokusika i-fiber laser we-XINGHAO uhlanganisa uhlelo lokupholisa, ukugcoba kanye nokuqoqa uthuli oluqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside.Inqubo yokuhlanganisa eqinile nezingxenye zomkhiqizo eziphezulu emhlabeni ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kokusika kanye nekhono lokusika elinamandla, ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqiza kanye nenzuzo yabakhi beshidi lensimbi.
Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe
Imodeli
3015C
4015C
4020C
6025C
Ukusika ububanzi
3050*1525mm
4000*1500mm
4000*2000mm
6000*2500mm
Umthombo we-Laser
URaycus & MAX & IPG
Amandla e-laser
1000-6000w
Isistimu yokudlulisela
Isakhiwo se-Gantry double drive
Isivinini esikhulu sokuhamba
100m/min
Ukusheshisa okuphezulu
1.0G
Ukumisa ukunemba
±0.01mm/1000mm
Phinda ukunemba kokuma
±0.03mm/1000mm
Izilungiselelo Eziyinhloko
Umthombo we-IPG&MAX Laser
I-IPG Photonics ingumholi womhlaba wonke we-laser yamandla aphezulu we-fiber.I-fiber laser ekhiqizwe yiyo inezinzuzo ezifana nekhwalithi ephezulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya nokuthembeka, amandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ivolumu enesakhiwo esihlangene, ukuhamba nokuqina, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, imvelo enobungani, njll.
I-Raytools Laserikhanda
AmaRaytools adabuka eSwitzerland futhi abekhethekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yekhanda lokusika i-laser iminyaka engama-26.Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswe kahle emazweni angaphezu kuka-120.
Isistimu yokusika
I-Cypcut iyi-softeware esetshenziswa kabanzi yenqubo yokusika i-laser, enesisekelo esikhulu samakhasimende kanye nempendulo, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi isethi yesofthiwe yokusika indiza ye-laser, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwenqubo yokusika i-laser, imisebenzi evamile yokuhlela kanye nokulawulwa kokucubungula laser.Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe, ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha, ukuhlela inqubo yokusika echazwe umsebenzisi, ukwakheka, ukuhlela indlela, ukulingisa, nokulawula ukusika.
Umbhede Wokusebenzela Welding Oqinile
Ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuqinile, ubuqotho obuhle, ukuqina kanye nokuqina;
I-aluminiyamu yensimbi eyisiqephu esisodwa, awekho ama-rivets emikhawulweni yomibili, ezinzile.Faka i-aluminium crossbeam
Yamukela inqubo yokusakazwa kwefilimu yensimbi enengcindezi ephansi, ngakho-ke i-crossbeam inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu nesisindo esilula, esingathola impendulo ephezulu enamandla futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
Amasampula & Isicelo
Umshini Wokusika Ishidi & Tube Laser, isicelo sokucubungula kokubili ishidi lensimbi neshubhu.
Ikhabhoni nensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ethambile, insimbi ethambile, insimbi, insimbi eboshwe, ingxubevange, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-titanium nokunye.
Indilinga, isikwele, unxantathu, unxande, oval, amashubhu ayindilinga namapayipi.Umshini owodwa ungafeza izinhloso ezimbili.kubasebenzisi abadinga ukusika amapuleti namapayipi, izindleko zokuthenga zigcinwa kakhulu.
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Ishidi & Tube Cutting Machine-DT Series
I-XINGHAO Laser DT-Series, amandla angu-1000-3000W ongawakhetha, umshini ongcono kakhulu wezomnotho osebenzisa kabili, yonga isikhala futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle.Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-multipurpose kanye ne-multifuction eshidini lensimbi nepuleti, ishubhu lensimbi nepayipi.
Ishidi & Tube Cutting Machine-DT Series
Incazelo emfushane:
I-XINGHAO Laser DT-Series, amandla angu-1000-3000W ongawakhetha, umshini ongcono kakhulu wezomnotho osebenzisa kabili, yonga isikhala futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle.Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-multipurpose kanye ne-multifuction eshidini lensimbi nepuleti, ishubhu lensimbi nepayipi.
Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe
Imodeli
Idatha ye-3015DT
4020DT
6020DT
Indawo Yokusebenzela
3048mm x 1524mm
4000mm x 2000mm
6100mm x 2000mm
Ukusika Ubude
3000mm & 6000mm
Ukusika Ububanzi
20-160mm/20-230mm
Laser Amandla
1000 - 6000W
Umthombo we-Laser
URaycus & MAX & IPG
Isivinini Sokunyakaza Okukhulu
100m/min
Ukusheshisa Okuphezulu
1G
1G
1G
Uhlobo lwe-Chuck
Mechanical & Automatic
Ubukhulu.Isivinini Esizungezayo
80RPM
Ukunemba Kokumisa
0.03mm
Ukubeka kabusha Ukunemba
0.02mm
Izilungiselelo Eziyinhloko
Umthombo we-IPG&MAX Laser
I-IPG Photonics ingumholi womhlaba wonke we-laser yamandla aphezulu we-fiber.I-fiber laser ekhiqizwe yiyo inezinzuzo ezifana nekhwalithi ephezulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya nokuthembeka, amandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ivolumu enesakhiwo esihlangene, ukuhamba nokuqina, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, imvelo enobungani, njll.
I-Raytools Laserikhanda
AmaRaytools adabuka eSwitzerland futhi abekhethekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yekhanda lokusika i-laser iminyaka engama-26.Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswe kahle emazweni angaphezu kuka-120.
Isistimu yokusika
I-Cypcut iyi-softeware esetshenziswa kabanzi yenqubo yokusika i-laser, enesisekelo esikhulu samakhasimende kanye nempendulo, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi isethi yesofthiwe yokusika indiza ye-laser, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwenqubo yokusika i-laser, imisebenzi evamile yokuhlela kanye nokulawulwa kokucubungula laser.Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe, ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha, ukuhlela inqubo yokusika echazwe umsebenzisi, ukwakheka, ukuhlela indlela, ukulingisa, nokulawula ukusika.
Umbhede Wokusebenzela Welding Oqinile
Ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuqinile, ubuqotho obuhle, ukuqina kanye nokuqina;
I-aluminiyamu yensimbi eyisiqephu esisodwa, awekho ama-rivets emikhawulweni yomibili, ezinzile.Faka i-aluminium crossbeam
Yamukela inqubo yokusakazwa kwefilimu yensimbi enengcindezi ephansi, ngakho-ke i-crossbeam inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu nesisindo esilula, esingathola impendulo ephezulu enamandla futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
I-othomathikhi ye-pneumatic chuck ngokugcwele, izinzile
Ukufakwa kulula futhi konga abasebenzi, futhi akukho ukusetshenziswa nokuguga.I-clamping degree ye-workpiece ilawulwa ukucindezela komoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kokuphakelayo kanye nokunemba kokusika.
Amasampula & Isicelo
Umshini Wokusika Ishidi & Tube Laser, isicelo sokucubungula kokubili ishidi lensimbi neshubhu.
Ikhabhoni nensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ethambile, insimbi ethambile, insimbi, insimbi eboshwe, ingxubevange, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-titanium nokunye.
Indilinga, isikwele, unxantathu, unxande, oval, amashubhu ayindilinga namapayipi.Umshini owodwa ungafeza izinhloso ezimbili.kubasebenzisi abadinga ukusika amapuleti namapayipi, izindleko zokuthenga zigcinwa kakhulu.
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I-Single Platform – D uchungechunge
Umshini wokusika i-fiber laser we-XINGHAO uhlanganisa uhlelo lokupholisa, ukugcoba kanye nokuqoqa uthuli oluqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside.Inqubo yokuhlanganisa eqinile nezingxenye zomkhiqizo eziphezulu emhlabeni ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kokusika kanye nekhono lokusika elinamandla, ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqiza kanye nenzuzo yabakhi beshidi lensimbi.
I-Single Platform – D uchungechunge
Incazelo emfushane:
Umshini wokusika i-fiber laser we-XINGHAO uhlanganisa uhlelo lokupholisa, ukugcoba kanye nokuqoqa uthuli oluqinisekisa ukuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside.Inqubo yokuhlanganisa eqinile nezingxenye zomkhiqizo eziphezulu emhlabeni ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kokusika kanye nekhono lokusika elinamandla, ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqiza kanye nenzuzo yabakhi beshidi lensimbi.
Imingcele Yezobuchwepheshe
Amamodeli
3015D
4020D
6025D
Ukusika ububanzi
3048*1524mm
4000*2000mm
6100*2500mm
Umthombo we-Laser
URaycus & MAX & IPG
Amandla e-laser
1000-6000w
Isistimu yokudlulisela
Isakhiwo se-Gantry double drive
Isivinini esikhulu sokuhamba
100m/min
Ukusheshisa okuphezulu
1.0G
Ukumisa ukunemba
±0.03mm/1000mm
Phinda ukunemba kokuma
±0.02mm/1000mm
Izilungiselelo Eziyinhloko
Umthombo we-IPG&MAX Laser
I-IPG Photonics ingumholi womhlaba wonke we-laser yamandla aphezulu we-fiber.I-fiber laser ekhiqizwe yiyo inezinzuzo ezifana nekhwalithi ephezulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya nokuthembeka, amandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, ivolumu enesakhiwo esihlangene, ukuhamba nokuqina, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, imvelo enobungani, njll.
I-Raytools Laserikhanda
AmaRaytools adabuka eSwitzerland futhi abekhethekile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yekhanda lokusika i-laser iminyaka engama-26.Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswe kahle emazweni angaphezu kuka-120.
Isistimu yokusika
I-Cypcut iyi-softeware esetshenziswa kabanzi yenqubo yokusika i-laser, enesisekelo esikhulu samakhasimende kanye nempendulo, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi isethi yesofthiwe yokusika indiza ye-laser, okuhlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwenqubo yokusika i-laser, imisebenzi evamile yokuhlela kanye nokulawulwa kokucubungula laser.Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kwesithombe, ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha, ukuhlela inqubo yokusika echazwe umsebenzisi, ukwakheka, ukuhlela indlela, ukulingisa, nokulawula ukusika.
Umbhede Wokusebenzela Welding Oqinile
Ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuqinile, ubuqotho obuhle, ukuqina kanye nokuqina;
I-aluminiyamu yensimbi eyisiqephu esisodwa, awekho ama-rivets emikhawulweni yomibili, ezinzile.Faka i-aluminium crossbeam
Yamukela inqubo yokusakazwa kwefilimu yensimbi enengcindezi ephansi, ngakho-ke i-crossbeam inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu nesisindo esilula, esingathola impendulo ephezulu enamandla futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
Amasampula & Isicelo
Umshini Wokusika Ishidi & Tube Laser, isicelo sokucubungula kokubili ishidi lensimbi neshubhu.
Ikhabhoni nensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ethambile, insimbi ethambile, insimbi, insimbi eboshwe, ingxubevange, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-titanium nokunye.
Indilinga, isikwele, unxantathu, unxande, oval, amashubhu ayindilinga namapayipi.Umshini owodwa ungafeza izinhloso ezimbili.kubasebenzisi abadinga ukusika amapuleti namapayipi, izindleko zokuthenga zigcinwa kakhulu.
